Muscles
Functions
of the muscle system [1] [2]
- Movement
- Thermoregulation
- Maintenance of posture
- Movement
For
movement to take place the muscular system must work with the skeletal system,
muscles and bones are connected by tendons. All the muscles in the human body
is maned up of fibres which allows movement.
- Thermoregulation (maintain body temperature)
For
the body to stay at the correct temperature there must be a balance of water
and other materials, also known as homoeostasis. The body creates heat by
shivering which increases muscle activity. The body dose this because the
muscles are contracting quickly. By doing this it creates heat. If the body
doesn’t create heat the muscles won’t be able to function properly and my cause
injuries. Because 70% of heat produces comes from muscles tissue.
- Maintenance of posture
The
muscle in the human body are always contracting but at a low percentage however
the muscle isn’t shortened or elongated. The only time the muscles do not
maintain posture is when they are completely relaxed, for example when you are
unconscious. Even when you are sleeping
the muscles are slightly tense. Maintain posture isn’t something you have to
think about, because the muscles automatically adjust themselves. This is
because sensory receptors send messages to the nervous system about the body’s
posture.
Muscle
types [3][4]
- Skeletal Muscle
- Visceral Muscle
- Cardiac Muscle
- Skeletal Muscle
The
skeletal muscle tissue is striped fibres; they consist of a contrasting of
light and dark bands that are vertical to the fibres which are very long and
strong. The skeletal muscles are the only voluntary muscle tissue in the human
body. Physical activity like walking or writing is consciously performed. The
main job of the skeletal muscle is to create movement by contracting, majority
of these muscles are located covering a joint and connected to two bones by
tendons.
- Visceral Muscle
The
visceral muscle is found inside walls of vacant organs such as the stomach,
blood vessels, urinary bladder and intestines. Visceral muscle cells are not
under conscious control and are the most delicate muscle tissue out of all the
muscles in the human body. Visceral muscles are also known as “smooth muscle
because of its appearance which contrasts the looks of banded like the cardiac
and skeletal muscle. The visceral muscle works by contracting so materials can
pass through the organ.
- Cardiac Muscle
Cardiac
muscle tissue also known as the heart, is to pump blood around the body. It is
also striated like the skeletal muscle but is an involuntary muscle so it
cannot be controlled consciously. The brain is only in charge of the intensity
of the contraction because the muscle has its own stimulates to make it
contract. The muscle looks like a strong disk that are made up of two cells
that are connected by a strong bond, this is so it can handle heavy flow of
blood and continuously pumping blood around the body while the human body lives.
Muscle
fibers [3]- Slow Twitch (type 1)
- Fast Twitch (type 2A)
- Fast Twitch (type 2B)
- Slow twitch (type 1)
This
fiber is also known as slow oxidative fibers, because it contains a lot of
myoglobin, lots of blood capillaries and mitochondria. They appear as red,
sectioned ATP with low intensity, also it contracts at a very slow tempo, very
defiant to tiredness with a greater volume to create ATP by oxidative metabolic
action. This fiber can be found in huge groups in the postural muscles of the
neck.
- Fast Twitch (type 2A)
This
fiber is also known as fast oxidative fibers. This fiber is very similar too
slow twitch however, has a very fast tempo for producing ATP by oxidative metabolic
action, sectioned ATP with a high intensity. It also contracts at a very fast
tempo. This type of fiber is unusually found in humans.
- Fast Twitch (type 2B)
This
type of fiber is also known as fast glycolytic fibers, which is made up of a
small amount of myoglobin, very little mitochondria and blood capillaries, but
a huge quantity of glycogen. The fiber appears white, produces the create ATP
by anaerobic metabolic
actions, it also gets tire very easily. Separation of ATP is at a very high
intensity and contracts quickly. These fibers are found main in the arms in
large numbers.
Muscle
roles [5]
- Agonist
- Antagonist
- Fixator
- Synergist
- Agonist & Antagonist
The
fibres work in pairs known as the agonist and antagonist to create movement
when moving a limb. The agonist (prime mover) is the muscle is contacting,
forcing the muscle to shorten, which causes movement and the antagonist relaxes
so the muscle gets longer.
For
example: bicep curl, the biceps are acting as the agonist and contracting while
the triceps (antagonist) relax allowing the movement to take place.
- Fixator
During movement, the fixator is the muscle
that sustains the beginning of the agonist and the joint that the beginning
moves over so the agonist can perform its role properly. For example, in the
bicep curl the fixator will be the rotator cuff muscles. Most fixator would be
found around the hip and shoulder joints.
- Synergist
During
movement, the Synergist is the muscle that sustains a joint everywhere where
movement takes place. This also allows the agonist perform its role properly.
The synergist muscles also take part in making movement possible. During the
bicep curl the brachioradialis and brachialis are the synergist muscles and the
elbow joint is sustained.
Types
of contraction [5]
- Concentric
- Eccentric
- Isometric
- Concentric Contractions
This
happens when a muscle is reduced in size due to strain or stress. For example, when
pushing upwards in a squat the quadriceps contract concentrically.
- Eccentric Contraction
During
this type of contraction, when put under pressure eccentric contraction takes
place and the muscle elongates. For
example, during the downwards motion of the squat the quadriceps muscle with
elongate.
- Isometric Contraction
This
contraction accrues with no or minimum movement, so the muscle is neither
getting longer or shorter. For example, if you were to hold the squat for 10
seconds the quadriceps will be Isometric contraction. Mainly the skeletal
muscles will contract Isometrically is sustain and cushion joints in the
occasion of movement.
References
[5] http://www.ptdirect.com/training-design/anatomy-and-physiology/skeletal-muscle-roles-and-contraction-types
Analysis
of Movement
Gymnastics
rings planche:
When performing, this move
the joint involved is the shoulder joint, also known as the ball and socket
joint. Movement that accrues at this joint is abduction (away from the midline
of the body), the muscled involved that allow the movement to happen be the
anterior deltoid and trapezius. The bones that make up the joint are the
humerus, scapula and clavicle. The other joint involved is thee elbow joint or
the hinge joint. The movement at this joint is Extension (Straightening limbs
at a joint) the bones that make up the joint are: humerus, ulna and radius and
the muscles involved are the biceps and triceps. There are also other muscles
involved in this action for instance: pectoralis major, rectus abdominis, teres
major, phomboids, gluteus maximus, all the muscle in the hamstrings and
quadriceps. The function of all these muscles is the maintain posture. This
movement consists of Isometric Contraction because no movement is made because
you are in a fixed position.
Kicking
a ball:
When
kicking the ball, the one of the joints that allow movement to accrues is the
hip joint. This is also known as the ball and socket joint, the bones the make
up this joint are the femur and ischium, pubic bone and ilium. The movement
that occurs the joint is the abduction (away from the midline of the body). The
muscles involved are the bicep femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus
(hamstrings) and the sarorius, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus
intermedials (quadriceps). The other joint involved in this moment Is the knee
joint. This joint is the hinge joint which Is made up of the femur, fibula,
tibia and patella. This joint causes extension (increases the angle between
articulating elements). The muscles that help create this movement are the
bicep femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus (hamstrings) and the sarorius,
vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedials (quadriceps). Also the
gastrocnemius. Because the muscles work in pairs the hamstring swill be taking
the agonist role and the quadriceps the antagonist role. When the leg is moving
towards the ball the muscles will be contracting eccentrically, then when the
leg begins to straighten the muscles will contract eccentrically. The main
function of the muscles is to create movement but to also maintain 
posture so the player can
stay balanced.
posture so the player can
stay balanced.
Throwing
a javelin:
One
of the joints involved in this movement is the shoulder joint or the ball and
socket joint. The movement made at this joint is abduction (away from the
midline of the body) and rotation. The bones that make up this joint is the
humerus, scapula and clavicle. For this movement to occur the fowling muscle
are used: anterior deltoid, trapezius, pectoral major, biceps and triceps.
During this movement the bicep will be the agonist and contracting
concentrically, the antagonist will the triceps. The other joint involved the
create moment will be the elbow joint or hinge joint. The bones that make up
this joint are the humerus, ulna and radius. This joint creates extension with
is the last face of the move (increases the angle between articulating
elements). The muscle that contribute to this are the biceps and triceps. Last
joint involved is the wrist joint or the condyloid joint. The bones that make
up this joint are the radius, ulna and carpals. Flexion occurs at this joint.
The role of the muscles is to create movement and maintain posture so participant
stays balanced and reduces the risk of injury.
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